(Beechcraft) T-34 Mentor @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • Two USAF Air Training Command T-34As in flight Two USAF Air Training Command T-34As in flight
    Two USAF Air Training Command T-34As in flight
  • T-34 formation with smoke (March Field Aero Club, 2004) T-34 formation with smoke (March Field Aero Club, 2004)
    T-34 formation with smoke (March Field Aero Club, 2004)
  • T-34C Turbo Mentor at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola T-34C Turbo Mentor at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola
    T-34C Turbo Mentor at the National Naval Aviation Museum, Pensacola
  • US Navy T-34B in flight (c. 1957) US Navy T-34B in flight (c. 1957)
    US Navy T-34B in flight (c. 1957)
  • T-34B in US Navy Training Squadron VT-1 markings T-34B in US Navy Training Squadron VT-1 markings
    T-34B in US Navy Training Squadron VT-1 markings
  • T-34A E.17-20 in Spanish Air Force markings (Fundación Infante de Orleans) T-34A E.17-20 in Spanish Air Force markings (Fundación Infante de Orleans)
    T-34A E.17-20 in Spanish Air Force markings (Fundación Infante de Orleans)
  • T-34A (Model A45) in USAF markings on approach T-34A (Model A45) in USAF markings on approach
    T-34A (Model A45) in USAF markings on approach
  • T-34 Mentor in US Navy (TAW-5) markings T-34 Mentor in US Navy (TAW-5) markings
    T-34 Mentor in US Navy (TAW-5) markings
  • T-34A in blue camouflage scheme T-34A in blue camouflage scheme
    T-34A in blue camouflage scheme
  • T-34A suspended at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (Dayton) T-34A suspended at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (Dayton)
    T-34A suspended at the National Museum of the United States Air Force (Dayton)
  • T-34A N88RM in yellow US Navy scheme T-34A N88RM in yellow US Navy scheme
    T-34A N88RM in yellow US Navy scheme
  • T-34A N88RM taxiing T-34A N88RM taxiing
    T-34A N88RM taxiing
  • T-34B of Training Squadron 5 (VT-5) in flight (1976) T-34B of Training Squadron 5 (VT-5) in flight (1976)
    T-34B of Training Squadron 5 (VT-5) in flight (1976)
  • The Lima Lima Flight Team civil display team in formation The Lima Lima Flight Team civil display team in formation
    The Lima Lima Flight Team civil display team in formation
  • Julie Clark's T-34 "Free Spirit" (N134JC) Julie Clark's T-34 "Free Spirit" (N134JC)
    Julie Clark's T-34 "Free Spirit" (N134JC)
  • Royal Canadian Air Force T-34A (1954) Royal Canadian Air Force T-34A (1954)
    Royal Canadian Air Force T-34A (1954)
  • Julie Clark rolling during her final display (Aviation Nation 2019, Nellis) Julie Clark rolling during her final display (Aviation Nation 2019, Nellis)
    Julie Clark rolling during her final display (Aviation Nation 2019, Nellis)

Beechcraft T-34 Mentor

The Beechcraft T-34 Mentor is an American single-engine, propeller-driven military trainer derived from the Beechcraft Model 35 Bonanza. The early versions, built in the late 1940s and 1950s, were powered by piston engines; they were followed by the much improved T-34C Turbo-Mentor, fitted with a turboprop. More than seven decades after its design, the T-34 is still flying with several air arms and remains a very popular warbird in private hands.

Design and development

The T-34 was the personal project of Walter Beech, who developed it as a private venture, the Beechcraft Model 45, at a time when no defense budget existed for a new trainer. Beech intended to offer the armed forces an economical alternative to the North American T-6/SNJ Texan, then used by every branch of the U.S. military.

Three initial concepts were studied, one of them retaining the Bonanza's characteristic V-tail. The final design of 1948, however, adopted a conventional tail, judged more acceptable to conservative military customers; its large unswept fin would reappear almost ten years later on the Beech Travel Air twin. The Bonanza's four-seat cabin gave way to a narrower fuselage with a tandem two-seat cockpit under a bubble canopy, offering excellent visibility to both student and instructor. The structure was much stronger than that of the Bonanza, being stressed for +10 g and -4.5 g, while the 185 hp Continental E-185 engine was the same as that of contemporary Bonanzas — less than a third of the power of the T-6.

The Model 45 first flew on 2 December 1948 with Beechcraft test pilot Vern Carstens at the controls. It was followed by three Model A45T aircraft ordered by the USAF in 1950 under the designation YT-34; the first two kept the prototype's engine, while the third received a 225 hp Continental E-225, which proved close to the production standard. A long competition followed before the Air Force selected the type in early 1953 as the T-34A Mentor. Beechcraft delivered T-34As to the USAF and similar Model B45s for export, while production of the T-34B (Model D45) for the U.S. Navy began in 1955. The Navy version differed in several respects: steering on the ground by differential braking instead of nosewheel steering, increased wing dihedral and adjustable rudder pedals instead of the adjustable seats of the T-34A.

T-34A production ended in 1956 and T-34B production in October 1957. The B45 was also built under licence in Canada (125 by Canadian Car and Foundry), in Japan (173 by Fuji Heavy Industries) and in Argentina (75 by FMA) until 1958, Beechcraft delivering its last B45s in 1959. In total, 1,904 Continental-powered Mentors were built in the United States and abroad.

Model 73 Jet Mentor

In 1955 Beechcraft developed, again as a private venture, a jet-powered derivative in the hope of winning a U.S. military contract. The Model 73 Jet Mentor used many components of the piston aircraft, but its cockpit was moved forward and the wing roots housed the air intakes feeding a 920 lbf (4.1 kN) Continental J69 turbojet installed in the rear fuselage. Registered N134B, it first flew on 18 December 1955. Evaluated by the USAF, which chose the Cessna T-37, and by the Navy, which preferred the Temco TT Pinto, the Model 73 was not put into production. The sole prototype is now displayed at the Kansas Aviation Museum.

T-34C Turbo-Mentor

After a gap of almost fifteen years, development of the T-34C Turbo-Mentor began in 1973 at the request of the U.S. Navy, which supplied two T-34Bs for conversion. Powered by a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-25 turboprop, the T-34C also received a version of the larger Beech Baron wing in place of the original Bonanza/Debonair-type wing, and the landing gear of the Beech Duke. Redesignated YT-34C, the first converted aircraft flew with turboprop power on 21 September 1973. Production resumed in 1975 for T-34C deliveries to the Navy, followed in 1977 by the export T-34C-1 armed version with four underwing hardpoints. The last Turbo-Mentor left the production line in 1990.

Operational history

United States Air Force

The first production T-34A was delivered to Edwards Air Force Base, California, in October 1953 for evaluation, and deliveries to Air Training Command (ATC) began in 1954. The T-34A became the USAF's initial primary trainer at the civilian-run "contract" flying schools of the southern United States, replacing the AT-6 Texan; students then moved on to the North American T-28A Trojan for intermediate training. The Mentor remained the standard USAF primary trainer until the arrival of the Cessna T-37 Tweet in the late 1950s, which coincided with the introduction of the Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) syllabus and the closure of the contract schools. In all, the USAF acquired 450 T-34As, 350 built in the United States and 100 in Canada.

As they were withdrawn, many T-34As were handed over to USAF aero clubs in the United States and overseas. Others went to the Civil Air Patrol for search and rescue duties, a role for which the low wing proved poorly suited; combined with costly wing spar repairs, this led to the withdrawal of the last CAP T-34As in 2003.

United States Navy

The U.S. Navy introduced the T-34B in May 1955 and used it as an initial primary trainer at Naval Air Station Saufley Field, Florida, until the mid-1970s, when squadrons VT-1 and VT-5 were decommissioned. T-34Bs were then flown by the Navy Recruiting Command until the early 1990s, and some still serve with Navy and Marine Corps flying clubs.

From 1975 the T-34C became the Navy's primary trainer for student Naval Aviators, replacing the T-28 Trojan with the training air wings at NAS Whiting Field, Florida, and NAS Corpus Christi, Texas. In the mid-1980s it also became the basic trainer for student Naval Flight Officers at NAS Pensacola. For more than 35 years, the Turbo-Mentor trained Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard pilots as well as many students from NATO and allied nations, before being completely replaced by the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Training Squadron VT-28 at Corpus Christi being the last to retire it. Some T-34Cs remained in use at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River and as range spotter aircraft with F/A-18 units and weapons schools.

Other U.S. users

Before 1990 the U.S. Army received six ex-Navy T-34Cs, used as test platforms and chase aircraft at Edwards Air Force Base and Fort Bragg. NASA has also operated two T-34Cs: the first was used at the Glenn Research Center for turboprop propulsion experiments before becoming a chase aircraft at Dryden in 1996, and the second, obtained in 2005, is used at the Armstrong Flight Research Center to chase slow unmanned aircraft.

Argentina and the Falklands War

From 1978, Argentine Naval Aviation used the T-34C as its basic trainer, alongside fifteen armed T-34C-1s forming the 4th Naval Air Attack Squadron. During the Falklands War, four T-34C-1s were deployed to Port Stanley on 25 April 1982, mainly for reconnaissance. On 1 May 1982, three Turbo-Mentors attempting to attack a Royal Navy Sea King helicopter near Berkeley Sound were intercepted by two Sea Harriers of 801 Naval Air Squadron, and one of them was damaged by cannon fire. Redeployed to Pebble Island, the four aircraft were destroyed there during the SAS raid of 15 May 1982. One of the wrecks was recovered in June 1983 and is preserved at the Fleet Air Arm Museum.

Civil use

Many surplus Mentors passed into private hands, where the type became a popular warbird. In 2004, following several in-flight structural failures during simulated air combat flights, the FAA grounded the entire U.S. civil fleet of T-34A/Bs. The restrictions were progressively eased and, through a series of Airworthiness Directives and approved wing spar modifications, the fleet was restored in 2011 to its original flight limits. The Mentor is flown by the civilian demonstration teams Lima Lima Flight Team and Dragon Flight, and aerobatic pilot Julie Clark flew her T-34 "Free Spirit" (N134JC) at air shows until 2019. On 7 June 2024, former Apollo 8 astronaut Bill Anders was killed in the crash of his T-34 near the U.S.-Canada border in the San Juan Islands, Washington.

Variants

  • Model 45 : Private venture prototype, first flown on 2 December 1948.
  • YT-34 (Model A45T) : Military prototypes, three built.
  • T-34A (Model A45) : U.S. Air Force primary trainer, 450 acquired. Replaced by the Cessna T-37 around 1960.
  • Model B45 : Export version, also built under licence in Canada, Japan and Argentina.
  • T-34B (Model D45) : U.S. Navy trainer, 423 built. Used for training until 1976, then by the Navy Recruiting Command until the 1990s.
  • YT-34C : Two T-34Bs fitted with a turboprop, serving as T-34C prototypes.
  • T-34C Turbo-Mentor : Two-seat primary trainer powered by a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-25 turboprop.
  • T-34C-1 : Training and light attack version with four underwing hardpoints carrying up to 1,200 lb (540 kg) of flares, bombs, rocket or gun pods and anti-tank missiles. Widely exported.
  • Turbine-Mentor 34C : Civil version intended for government customers for whom a military type was undesirable; six were sold to the Algerian national pilot training school in 1979.
  • Allison Turbine Mentor : Conversion of surplus T-34s with an Allison Model 250 turboprop.
  • Model 73 Jet Mentor : Jet-powered derivative with a Continental J69-T-9 turbojet. Single prototype, first flown on 18 December 1955.

Operators

  • Algeria : National pilot training school (Turbine-Mentor 34C).
  • Argentina : Argentine Air Force (15 T-34Bs and 75 licence-built by FMA) ; Argentine Naval Aviation (15 T-34C-1s in 1978).
  • Bolivia : Bolivian Air Force (11 T-34A/Bs received from Uruguay in 2000).
  • Canada : Royal Canadian Air Force (25 T-34As evaluated from 1954 to 1956 at RCAF Station Penhold).
  • Chile : Chilean Air Force.
  • Colombia : Colombian Air Force (50 T-34s in 1954, plus later deliveries ; last one retired in December 2013).
  • Dominican Republic : Dominican Air Force.
  • Ecuador : Ecuadorian Air Force and Ecuadorian Naval Aviation.
  • El Salvador : Salvadoran Air Force.
  • Indonesia : Indonesian Air Force.
  • Japan : Japan Air Self-Defense Force and Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (Fuji-built aircraft).
  • Mexico : Mexican Air Force and Mexican Naval Aviation.
  • Morocco : Royal Moroccan Air Force.
  • Peru : Peruvian Air Force ; Peruvian Naval Aviation (T-34A and T-34C).
  • Philippines : Philippine Air Force (36 Fuji-built T-34As).
  • Saudi Arabia : Royal Saudi Air Force.
  • Spain : Spanish Air Force (25 T-34As, local designation E.17).
  • Taiwan : Republic of China Air Force (49 T-34Cs purchased in 1985).
  • Turkey : Turkish Air Force (ex-Canadian T-34As).
  • United States :
    • United States Air Force.
    • United States Army.
    • United States Navy.
    • United States Marine Corps.
    • United States Coast Guard.
    • Civil Air Patrol.
    • NASA.
  • Uruguay : Uruguayan Air Force.
  • Venezuela : Venezuelan Air Force.

Aircraft on display

Many Mentors are preserved in museums, including the T-34A 53-3310 at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio, T-34Cs at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida, the sole Model 73 Jet Mentor at the Kansas Aviation Museum in Wichita, and the ex-Argentine T-34C-1 recovered from Pebble Island at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton.

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Beechcraft T-34 Mentor of Wikipedia ( authors )

Beechcraft T-34 Mentor

  • Role : Primary trainer.
  • Manufacturer : Beechcraft.
  • First flight : 2 December 1948.
  • Introduction : 1953.
  • Status : In limited service.
  • Primary users :
    • United States Air Force.
    • United States Navy.
    • Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
    • Republic of China Air Force.
  • Produced : 1953 to 1959 and 1975 to 1990.
  • Number built : 2,300+.
  • Developed from : Beechcraft Bonanza.
  • Developed into : Fuji LM-1 Nikko.

    • Specifications (T-34C)

  • Crew: two.
  • Length: 28 ft 8.5 in (8.75 m).
  • Wingspan: 33 ft 3.9 in (10.16 m).
  • Height: 9 ft 7 in (2.92 m).
  • Wing area: 179.6 sq ft (16.69 m²).
  • Empty weight: 2,960 lb (1,343 kg).
  • Max takeoff weight: 4,300 lb (1,950 kg) (T-34C-1 weapons trainer: 5,500 lb / 2,500 kg).
  • Fuel capacity: 130 US gal (490 l).
  • Powerplant: One Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-25 turboprop.
  • Power: 550 shp (410 kW).
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hartzell constant-speed.
  • Cruise speed: 214 kts (246 mph, 396 km/h) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m).
  • Stall speed: 53 kts (61 mph, 98 km/h) (flaps down, power off).
  • Never exceed speed: 280 kts (320 mph, 520 km/h).
  • Range: 708 nmi (815 mi, 1,311 km).
  • Service ceiling: 30,000 ft (9,100 m).
  • g limits: +6, -3.
  • Rate of climb: 1,480 ft/min (7.5 m/s).
  • Armament (T-34C-1): 4 hardpoints, 1,200 lb (544 kg) total.

    • Specifications (T-34A)

  • Crew: two.
  • Length: 25 ft 11 in (7.90 m).
  • Wingspan: 32 ft 10 in (10.01 m).
  • Height: 9 ft 7 in (2.92 m).
  • Loaded weight: 2,900 lb (1,315 kg).
  • Powerplant: One Continental O-470-13 air cooled flat-six piston engine.
  • Power: 225 hp (168 kW).
  • Maximum speed: 191 mph (307 km/h, 166 kts).
  • Range: 821 mi (1,321 km, 713 nmi).
  • Service ceiling: 20,000 ft (6,100 m).

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Beechcraft T-34 Mentor of Wikipedia ( authors )
Beechcraft T-34 Mentor : Your comments on this subject
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