(Yokosuka) P1Y Ginga (Frances) @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • Yokosuka P1Y1 Ginga Yokosuka P1Y1 Ginga
    Yokosuka P1Y1 Ginga
  • US Navy recognition silhouette (July 1944) US Navy recognition silhouette (July 1944)
    US Navy recognition silhouette (July 1944)
  • P1Y1b "Yo-206" of the Yokosuka Kokutai P1Y1b "Yo-206" of the Yokosuka Kokutai
    P1Y1b "Yo-206" of the Yokosuka Kokutai
  • "Yo-233" of the Yokosuka Kokutai (colorized photo) "Yo-233" of the Yokosuka Kokutai (colorized photo)
    "Yo-233" of the Yokosuka Kokutai (colorized photo)
  • Colorized photo Colorized photo
    Colorized photo
  • Colorized photo Colorized photo
    Colorized photo
  • With radar antennas (colorized photo) With radar antennas (colorized photo)
    With radar antennas (colorized photo)
  • P1Y2-S Kyokko night fighter P1Y2-S Kyokko night fighter
    P1Y2-S Kyokko night fighter
  • P1Y2-S night fighter at Kisarazu (late 1945) P1Y2-S night fighter at Kisarazu (late 1945)
    P1Y2-S night fighter at Kisarazu (late 1945)
  • Captured P1Y1 evaluated in the United States after the war Captured P1Y1 evaluated in the United States after the war
    Captured P1Y1 evaluated in the United States after the war

Yokosuka P1Y Ginga ("Frances")

The Yokosuka P1Y Ginga ("Milky Way" or "Galaxy") was a twin-engine, land-based bomber designed by the Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal (Kugisho) for the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second World War. Intended as the successor to the Mitsubishi G4M, it was mass-produced by Nakajima, while Kawanishi built a night fighter derivative, the P1Y2-S Kyokko ("Aurora"). The Allies gave it the reporting name "Frances".

Fast, clean and pleasant to fly, the Ginga was one of the most modern Japanese aircraft of the war, but its complexity, the poor reliability of its Nakajima Homare engines and the shortage of skilled mechanics delayed its entry into service until late 1944. It was then used as a level bomber, torpedo bomber and dive bomber, as a night fighter and, in the last months of the war, for kamikaze attacks, notably the long-range raid on the Ulithi anchorage in March 1945.

Design and development

The origins of the P1Y go back to 1940 and the 15-Shi specification (15th year of the Showa era), which called for a fast bomber for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The requirements were very demanding: a top speed equal to that of the Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter, a range at least equal to that of the Mitsubishi G4M while carrying a 907 kg (2,000 lb) bomb load, and the ability both to dive-bomb and to carry a torpedo for low-level attacks. According to the aviation historian René J. Francillon, the Navy wanted a domestic equivalent of the Junkers Ju 88, the North American B-25 Mitchell and the Douglas A-26 Invader.

The design team, led by Masao Yamana and Tadanao Miki and known internally as the Y-20 project, produced an aerodynamically very clean aircraft with mid-mounted tapered wings and a narrow, circular-section fuselage. After the war, Tadanao Miki applied the same aerodynamic principles to the first Shinkansen high-speed trains of the Japanese National Railways. Despite its compact dimensions, the Ginga carried up to 5,535 litres of fuel in fourteen wing tanks, eight of which were self-sealing, and could also take two 220-litre drop tanks. Armour was limited to a 20 mm plate behind the pilot's head. The crew of three (pilot, navigator-bombardier in the glazed nose and radio operator-gunner) was protected only by two flexible guns, one in the nose and one in the rear cockpit, as the aircraft was expected to rely mainly on its speed to evade interceptors. The offensive load was either an 800 kg torpedo carried semi-recessed under the fuselage or two 500 kg bombs in a ventral bomb bay.

The chosen powerplant was the new Nakajima NK9C Homare 18-cylinder radial, which was still under development but promised a top speed of more than 555 km/h (345 mph). The first prototype was completed in August 1943 and flew shortly afterwards. Test pilots praised its speed and handling, but ground crews struggled with its complex hydraulic system and with the unreliable Homare engines, which often failed to deliver their rated power. These difficulties appeared even under the ideal conditions of the Yokosuka test centre.

Production

Without waiting for further prototypes, the Navy entrusted mass production to Nakajima's Koizumi plant, where the last Mitsubishi G3M bombers had left the assembly lines in February 1943. Production aircraft differed only in details from the prototypes: a flat bullet-proof windscreen, individual exhaust stacks instead of a single collector pipe, round-headed rivets on the fuselage instead of flush rivets, and a fixed tailwheel in place of the retractable one. The nose machine gun gave way to a 20 mm cannon, while the rear position later received one or two 13 mm Type 2 machine guns. Late production aircraft were fitted with air-to-surface search radar, and some machines received wooden tail surfaces and rear fuselage sections because of the shortage of light alloys.

Forty-five aircraft, including the prototypes, were delivered in 1943. When the Navy finally accepted the type in October 1944 as the Navy Bomber Ginga Model 11 (P1Y1), more than 450 aircraft had already been built. According to Francillon, total production reached 1,098 aircraft: six prototypes and 996 P1Y1 and P1Y1-S built by Nakajima, plus 96 P1Y2 and P1Y2-S built by Kawanishi at its Konan plant (other sources give a total of 1,102).

Operational history

The Ginga was used as a land-based medium bomber and torpedo bomber by several Kokutai (naval air groups), in China, Formosa (Taiwan), the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku and Kyushu. Its first operations took place in the autumn of 1944, notably with the night torpedo attack units of the T Attack Force during the Formosa air battle in October 1944, then against the American fleet in the Philippines; on 15 December 1944, a "Frances" was shot down alongside the escort carrier USS Ommaney Bay. Engine reliability problems and the lack of experienced mechanics kept serviceability low, and the type only reached its full operational strength in the spring of 1945.

The Ginga's most famous mission was Operation Tan No. 2. On 11 March 1945, 24 P1Y1s of the Azusa Special Attack Unit, formed from aircraft of the 762nd Kokutai, took off from Kanoya in Kyushu for a one-way kamikaze mission against the carriers of Task Force 58 anchored at Ulithi atoll, almost 3,000 km away, each carrying an 800 kg bomb and guided by Kawanishi H8K flying boats. Five aircraft turned back and several others ditched or got lost during a flight of more than ten hours over the sea. In the evening, only one Ginga hit its target, the aircraft carrier USS Randolph, killing about 26 men and wounding 105; a second one mistook Sorlen Island for a carrier and crashed on it. The carrier was repaired on the spot and rejoined the fleet in April.

The type was then heavily engaged during the battle of Okinawa, both in conventional attacks and in kamikaze missions against Allied ships; on 7 April 1945, a P1Y1 was photographed turning away with its engines on fire after being attacked by Vought F4U Corsairs and caught by the ships' anti-aircraft fire. The Ginga was also planned to serve as the carrier aircraft for the Ohka Model 22 piloted flying bomb, and the third prototype was used as a test bed for the Ishikawajima Tsu-11 motorjet intended for it, but the Ohka 22 never became operational. Some aircraft were rebuilt for long-range strafing missions against the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bases in the Mariana Islands, with up to twenty 20 mm cannon installed in the bomb bay. All surviving Ginga were grounded after Japan's surrender; a few captured aircraft were briefly flown in Chinese Nationalist markings on Formosa after the war.

Night fighter versions

In response to the Allied night bombing raids against Japan, Kawanishi developed a night fighter version, first called Hakko ("Corona") in October 1943 and renamed Kyokko ("Aurora") in March 1944. Designated P1Y2-S, it was powered by Mitsubishi MK4T-A Kasei 25 radial engines, as the production of Homare engines was insufficient. It first flew in June 1944 and was fitted with radar, two 20 mm cannon firing obliquely upwards in the manner of the German "Schräge Musik" installations, and a flexible 20 mm cannon in the rear cockpit; it kept its ventral bomb bay for night intruder missions. Kawanishi built 96 of them, but their performance at high altitude proved insufficient to intercept the B-29s, and most had their oblique guns removed and were converted back into bombers as the P1Y2 Ginga Model 16. A similar Nakajima conversion of the P1Y1, the Byakko ("White Light"), with two pairs of oblique cannon, was no more successful. The only unit to use these night fighters was the 302nd Kokutai.

Variants

  • P1Y1 (15-Shi experimental land-based bomber) : three prototypes and nine additional prototypes, powered by Nakajima NK9B Homare 11 engines of 1,357 kW (1,820 hp). Prototype No. 3 was later used as a test bed for the Ishikawajima Tsu-11 engine.
  • P1Y1 Ginga Model 11 : first production version, with Homare 11 or Homare 12 engines.
  • P1Y1a Ginga Model 11A : Homare 12 engines, one 13 mm Type 2 machine gun in the rear defensive position.
  • P1Y1b Ginga Model 11B : converted from the P1Y1a, two 13 mm machine guns in the rear position.
  • P1Y1c Ginga Model 11C : converted from the P1Y1b, one 13 mm machine gun in the forward position; prototype only.
  • P1Y1 Ginga Model 11 night fighter : field conversion of the P1Y1 with two 20 mm Type 99 cannon, used only by the 302nd Kokutai.
  • P1Y1-S Ginga Model 21 (Byakko) : night fighter with four obliquely mounted 20 mm cannon and one 13 mm rear machine gun.
  • P1Y1 ground attack conversion : about 30 aircraft rebuilt with up to twenty 20 mm cannon in the bomb bay to attack the B-29 bases in the Mariana Islands.
  • P1Y2-S Ginga Model 26 (Kyokko) : Kawanishi-built night fighter with Kasei 25 engines, two 20 mm Type 99 cannon and one 30 mm Type 5 cannon; 96 or 97 built.
  • P1Y2 Ginga Model 16 : bomber converted from the P1Y2-S, with Mitsubishi MK4T-A Kasei 25 Ko engines of 1,380 kW (1,850 hp).
  • P1Y2a, P1Y2b and P1Y2c : converted respectively from the P1Y1a, P1Y1b and P1Y1c with Kasei 25 Ko engines.
  • P1Y2 Ginga Model 16 night fighter : armed with two 20 mm Type 99 cannon or one 30 mm Type 5 cannon, used only by the 302nd Kokutai.
  • P1Y3 Ginga Model 13 : conversion of the P1Y1 with Homare 21 engines.
  • P1Y4 Ginga Model 12 : conversion of the P1Y1 with Homare 23 engines.
  • P1Y5 Ginga Model 14 : conversion of the P1Y1 with Mitsubishi Ha-43 engines.
  • P1Y6 Ginga Model 17 : conversion of the P1Y2 with Kasei 25 Hei engines.
  • Ginga Model 33 : long-range bomber project with a crew of four and up to 3,000 kg of bombs; not built.
  • Tenga : proposed jet bomber powered by Ishikawajima Ne-30 turbojets; abandoned in 1945.
  • MXY10 : non-flying ground decoy replica of the P1Y1.

Operators

  • Japan : Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.
    • 302nd Kokutai (night fighter versions only).
    • 521st, 522nd, 523rd, 524th, 701st, 706th, 752nd, 761st, 762nd, 763rd, 765th, 1001st and 1081st Kokutai.
    • Miyazaki, Toyohashi and Yokosuka Kokutai.
    • 262nd, 401st, 405th, 406th, 501st and 708th Kogeki Hikotai (attack squadrons).
  • Republic of China : a few captured aircraft, used briefly on Formosa after the war.

Surviving aircraft

Three P1Y1s were shipped to the United States in late 1945 for evaluation, under the foreign equipment numbers FE-1700, FE-1701 and FE-1702. The first two were scrapped at Newark, New Jersey. The third was handed over to the Smithsonian Institution in September 1948 and is still stored, unrestored, at the Paul E. Garber Facility of the National Air and Space Museum; only its fuselage has been widely photographed, but its wings and engines are also preserved.

References

  • Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company, 1970 (2nd edition 1979). ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
  • Huggins, Mark. "Hunters over Tokyo: The JNAF's Air Defence of Japan 1944-1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 109, January-February 2004, pp. 66-71.
  • Hackett, Bob and Kingsepp, Sander. "Operation Tan No. 2: The Japanese Attack on Task Force 58's Anchorage at Ulithi". CombinedFleet.com.
  • Jinno, Masami. Azusa tokubetsu kougekitai (Azusa Special Attack Unit). Kojinsha, 2000.
  • The Maru Mechanic No. 46, Ginga and Type 1 Attack Bomber. Ushio Shobo, May 1984.
  • Famous Airplanes of the World, Special Edition Vol. 1, Navy Bomber "Ginga". Bunrindo, September 2000.
  • Visschedijk, Johan. "Kugisho P1Y Ginga", History Brief, 1000aircraftphotos.com, 2011.
  • National Air and Space Museum, "Kugisho P1Y1 Ginga (Milky Way) FRANCES", collection object A19600340000.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Yokosuka P1Y Ginga of Wikipedia ( authors )

Yokosuka P1Y Ginga ("Frances")

  • Role : Bomber, torpedo bomber and dive bomber ; night fighter (P1Y2-S).
  • Manufacturer : Yokosuka Naval Air Technical Arsenal (design and prototypes), Nakajima, Kawanishi (P1Y2 series).
  • Designers : Masao Yamana and Tadanao Miki.
  • First flight : August 1943.
  • Introduction : October 1944.
  • Retired : 1945.
  • Status : retired.
  • Primary user :
    • Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.
  • Produced : 1943 to 1945.
  • Number built : 1,098 to 1,102.
  • Variants :
    • P1Y1-S Byakko (night fighter).
    • P1Y2-S Kyokko (night fighter).
    • Tenga (jet-powered project).

    Specifications (P1Y1a)

  • Crew: three.
  • Length: 49 ft 3 in (15 m).
  • Wingspan: 65 ft 7 in (20 m).
  • Height: 14 ft 1 in (4.3 m).
  • Wing area: 590 sq ft (55 m²).
  • Empty weight: 16,017 lb (7,265 kg).
  • Gross weight: 23,149 lb (10,500 kg).
  • Max takeoff weight: 29,762 lb (13,500 kg).
  • Fuel capacity: 5,535 l (1,462 US gal) in 14 wing tanks, plus two 220 l (58 US gal) drop tanks.
  • Powerplant: Two Nakajima NK9C Homare 12 18-cylinder air-cooled radial engines.
  • Power: 1,825 hp (1,361 kW) each for takeoff.
  • Maximum speed: 340 mph (547 km/h, 295 kts) at 19,400 ft (5,900 m).
  • Cruise speed: 230 mph (370 km/h, 200 kts) at 13,000 ft (4,000 m).
  • Range: 3,340 mi (5,370 km, 2,900 nmi).
  • Service ceiling: 30,800 ft (9,400 m).
  • Wing loading: 39 lb/sq ft (191 kg/m²).
  • Power/mass: 0.12 hp/lb (0.20 kW/kg).
  • Guns: 1 × flexible 20 mm Type 99 cannon in the nose, 1 × flexible 13 mm Type 2 machine gun in the rear cockpit.
  • Bombs: up to 2,205 lb (1,000 kg) of bombs, or one 1,764 lb (800 kg) torpedo.

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Yokosuka P1Y Ginga of Wikipedia ( authors )
Yokosuka P1Y Ginga ("Frances") : Your comments on this subject
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