(Amiot) 340, 350 & 370 @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • Amiot 351 Amiot 351
    Amiot 351
  • Amiot 354 Amiot 354
    Amiot 354
  • Amiot 351 (1940) Amiot 351 (1940)
    Amiot 351 (1940)
  • Amiot 351 - Kalaa Djerda (Tunisia), July 1940 Amiot 351 - Kalaa Djerda (Tunisia), July 1940
    Amiot 351 - Kalaa Djerda (Tunisia), July 1940
  • Amiot 354 of Bomber Group I-34 Amiot 354 of Bomber Group I-34
    Amiot 354 of Bomber Group I-34
  • Amiot 354 (L'Aérophile, February 1940) Amiot 354 (L'Aérophile, February 1940)
    Amiot 354 (L'Aérophile, February 1940)
  • Amiot 340.01 - Gnome-Rhône 14P engines (1937) Amiot 340.01 - Gnome-Rhône 14P engines (1937)
    Amiot 340.01 - Gnome-Rhône 14P engines (1937)
  • 21 21
    21
  • Amiot 351 - Gnome-Rhône 14N engines (1938) Amiot 351 - Gnome-Rhône 14N engines (1938)
    Amiot 351 - Gnome-Rhône 14N engines (1938)
  • Amiot 350 - Hispano-Suiza 12Y-28 engines (1938) Amiot 350 - Hispano-Suiza 12Y-28 engines (1938)
    Amiot 350 - Hispano-Suiza 12Y-28 engines (1938)
  • Amiot 356 - Rolls-Royce Merlin X engines Amiot 356 - Rolls-Royce Merlin X engines
    Amiot 356 - Rolls-Royce Merlin X engines
  • Amiot 370 Amiot 370
    Amiot 370
  • Air France Amiot 370 F-AREU,<br>Istres - Djibouti service (1942) Air France Amiot 370 F-AREU,<br>Istres - Djibouti service (1942)
    Air France Amiot 370 F-AREU,
    Istres - Djibouti service (1942)
  • Amiot 370 record crews:<br>Rossi-Vigroux and Rossi-Emont Amiot 370 record crews:<br>Rossi-Vigroux and Rossi-Emont
    Amiot 370 record crews:
    Rossi-Vigroux and Rossi-Emont
  • Cutaway Cutaway
    Cutaway
  • Amiot 340 BR3 Amiot 340 BR3
    Amiot 340 BR3

Amiot 340, 350 & 370

The Amiot 350 series (Amiot 351 and Amiot 354 in service) was a family of fast, elegant twin-engined French bombers developed from the Amiot 340 prototype and the Amiot 370 record aircraft. Designed by Jean Calvy's team at Avions Amiot, it was one of the most modern bombers of the Armée de l'Air in 1939, but chronic production problems meant that only some 80 aircraft had been delivered, out of nearly 900 ordered, when it went into action in limited numbers during the Battle of France in May and June 1940.

Design and development

Origins: the BR3 programme

In 1933 the French technical service (STAé) launched a programme for a fast, long-range three-seat "reprisal bomber" (BR3). Amiot first thought of offering a derivative of its Amiot 143 with a retractable undercarriage, but soon realised that only an entirely new design could reach the required performance. The result was the Amiot 340 BR3, a clean all-metal monoplane with a shoulder-mounted wing, a circular-section monocoque fuselage and a retractable tailwheel undercarriage, designed by Lambert and Girodin under the direction of Jean Calvy and promising a top speed of 470 km/h.

A mock-up was inspected in March 1936 and a prototype ordered, while a four-seat version, the Amiot 341 B4, was planned to better match the air force's needs. At the same time Amiot was asked to build a civil version to compete in a planned New York–Paris race commemorating the tenth anniversary of Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight. The mock-up, modified to represent this fast long-range mail aircraft, was shown at the 1936 Paris Air Show as the Amiot 341. The race was cancelled for safety reasons, but the civil aircraft was completed as the Amiot 370.

Amiot 370 and the records

Powered by two 860 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Y liquid-cooled V-12 engines and fitted with a flush cockpit, the Amiot 370 was the first of the family to fly, at Istres on 25 July 1937. Registered F-AREU, it was used by Commandant Maurice Rossi for a series of international records: with navigator Vigroux he set the 2,000 km closed-circuit speed record at 437 km/h (with loads up to 2,000 kg) on 8 February 1938, followed by the 5,000 km record at 401 km/h on 8 June 1938. On 15–16 August 1939, with radio-navigator Emont, Rossi covered 10,000 km in about 33 hours at an average of 311 km/h.

Amiot 340

The Amiot 340.01 prototype was completed in early 1937. The Hispano-Suiza 14AA radials originally planned proved as unreliable on the Amiot as on its rivals, and it finally made its first flight at Istres on 6 December 1937 with two 960 hp Gnome-Rhône 14P radials, soon replaced by 920 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N 0/1 engines. Official trials began at the CEMA at Villacoublay on 21 March 1938. From 16 to 21 August 1938 the prototype, wearing the red cocotte emblem of General Joseph Vuillemin, Chief of the Air Staff, and with its prototype markings removed, flew him to Berlin-Staaken and back, cruising at 440 km/h at 4,200 m, in order to give the Germans the impression that a modern French bomber was already in service.

As the BR3 requirement had meanwhile given way to a four-seat bomber, the prototype was returned to the factory in November 1938. Re-engined with 1,020 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N 20/21 engines, it received a fourth crew position with a ventral 7.5 mm MAC 1934 machine gun firing aft of the bomb bay, a new twin tail with oval end-plate fins and a tailplane with dihedral. In this form it flew again on 21 January 1939 as the Amiot 351.01. Testing revealed undercarriage and lateral stability problems, and the aircraft was damaged in a landing accident on 4 July 1939. When it was repaired in September 1939 it reverted to a single fin and was converted to a reconnaissance aircraft, the Amiot 351.01 A4.

The Amiot 350 series

Without waiting for the trials of the 351.01, Calvy's team redesigned the airframe in 1938 to simplify its construction and to allow it to accept several types of engines, in order to avoid bottlenecks in engine supply. The production aircraft had a wing of reduced span and area, a fuselage lengthened by 50 cm built in three sections, and a longer and wider canopy now centred on the fuselage, whereas the pilot's cockpit of the prototype had been offset to the left. The wing was built around one main spar and two auxiliary spars, fuel (about 2,800 litres) was carried in six tanks in the inner wings, and the undercarriage was retracted electrically. The common sequence of construction numbers allowed twin-tail and single-tail versions to be built on the same line, as the tail units were interchangeable.

The four crew members were the navigator-bombardier in the glazed nose with a 7.5 mm MAC 1934 machine gun (500 rounds), the pilot seated above the forward bomb bay, the dorsal gunner with a 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS-404 cannon (120 rounds) under a retractable canopy, and the radio operator, who manned the ventral 7.5 mm MAC 1934 (800 rounds). Up to 1,200 kg of bombs could be carried internally.

The first production aircraft, the Amiot 351 No.1 with 1,060 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N 48/49 engines, flew at Orléans-Bricy on 3 November 1939, followed a few weeks later by the single-tailed Amiot 354 No.2. Although the twin-tailed 351 was intended to be the main version, delays meant that the single-tailed 354 was accepted into service as an interim type, and in the end the two versions differed essentially by their tail units.

A difficult production

In May 1938, under Plan V, the Air Ministry ordered 20 Amiot 350 B4s for delivery before 1 April 1939, an order that was modified several times over the following months according to engine availability (Amiot 341, 350, 351 and 353 versions). A shortage of Hispano-Suiza engines led to the abandonment of the Amiot 350 itself early in 1939. Further contracts followed in June 1939 and after the outbreak of war, until a total of about 880 to 890 aircraft of various versions were on order by 1 December 1939, including 560 Amiot 352s with Hispano-Suiza 12Y 50/51 engines; up to 1,800 aircraft were considered in all. A project to build the aircraft in the United States, at New Orleans, came to nothing.

Production was split between Colombes (fuselages), the Chantiers Aéronautiques de Normandie at Cherbourg (wings), SNCAC at Billancourt (tail units) and Le Bourget (final assembly). Constant modifications, strikes, late deliveries of equipment, bomb-bay door problems and the complexity of the airframe slowed the programme considerably: only five aircraft had been taken on charge by January 1940, 21 by 1 April 1940 instead of the 285 planned, and 37 by 1 May. The dorsal 20 mm cannon was also late, and most early aircraft entered service with only a rifle-calibre machine gun in the dorsal position. By the armistice, 61 aircraft had been officially accepted, while some 80 to 86 airframes were completed in all (about 17 Amiot 351s and 45 Amiot 354s in service, plus prototypes).

Operational history

Battle of France

Groupes de bombardement GB I/21 and GB II/21, which had been flying the Bloch 210, began converting to the Amiot 351/354 in the spring of 1940, followed by GB I/34 and GB II/34; together they formed Groupement de bombardement 9. On 10 May 1940 only a handful of aircraft were operational, and although some 200 airframes were in the final stages of construction, only about 35 were ready for flight. Lacking adequate defensive armament, the Amiots were restricted to night missions.

The first war sortie was an unarmed reconnaissance flown in the night of 12 to 13 May 1940 over the Maastricht area, followed by the first armed reconnaissance sorties on 16 May. During the following weeks the Amiots attacked German columns, convoys and bridges on the Somme and the Aisne; the last mission of GB II/34 was flown on 15 June 1940 over Château-Thierry. On 24 May two aircraft were destroyed on the ground by Heinkel He 111s. Between 10 May and 17 June, Groupement 9 flew about 150 sorties and lost 13 aircraft, of which only three were lost in action, the others being destroyed in accidents, on the ground or scuttled to avoid capture.

North Africa and Vichy

On 17 June 1940 all the aircraft were ordered to North Africa, and 37 reached Oran, together with the Amiot 370. Groupement 9 then moved to Djerba in preparation for a raid on Italy, which was cancelled by the armistice. The aircraft were later brought back to metropolitan France and the bomber groups were disbanded in August 1940, the Amiots being placed in storage.

The Vichy government obtained permission to use several Amiots as mail aircraft to Djibouti and Madagascar. Overhauled and fitted with auxiliary tanks in the bomb bay, they flew in Air France colours: the Amiot 370 F-AREU, the Amiot 356 F-BAGP (first commercial flight from Marignane to Algiers, Dakar and Casablanca in October 1941) and the Amiot 354 No.68 F-BAGQ operated African routes, including twelve flights to Djibouti, until November 1942. Amiot 354 No.11, used as a VIP transport for Admiral Auphan, was destroyed while landing at Vichy in October 1942.

Luftwaffe

When the Germans occupied the southern zone in November 1942, they found four Amiots. One Amiot 351 became a transport for the headquarters staff of Luftflotte 3, while another 351 and the Amiot 356 were used by 1. Staffel of Kampfgeschwader 200, the Luftwaffe special operations unit. The Gnome-Rhône 14N engines of several aircraft were also used on the Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant transport.

Post-war

In 1946 the last surviving Amiot 354, abandoned at Istres (or, according to other sources, at Dakar), was re-engined with two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp radials as the Amiot 358 and used by the Groupe de Liaisons Aériennes Ministérielles (GLAM) at Villacoublay, until its career ended after an undercarriage failure on landing. No example survives today.

Variants

  • Amiot 340.01 : Three-seat BR3 prototype with single tail and two 960 hp Gnome-Rhône 14P, then 920 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N 0/1 radials (one built).
  • Amiot 341 : Four-seat B4 project and designation of the mail aircraft mock-up shown in 1936.
  • Amiot 350 : Version with two 920 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Y 28/29 liquid-cooled engines; abandoned in early 1939 because of the shortage of Hispano-Suiza engines.
  • Amiot 351.01 : The Amiot 340.01 rebuilt with 1,020 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N 20/21 engines, a fourth crew member and twin tail; later reverted to single tail as the 351.01 A4.
  • Amiot 351 : Production version with twin tail and two Gnome-Rhône 14N radials (950 hp 14N 38/39 planned, 1,060 hp 14N 48/49 fitted); about 17 delivered.
  • Amiot 352 : Version with two 1,100 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Y 50/51 engines; 560 ordered, none completed.
  • Amiot 353 : Version with two 1,030 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin III engines (one prototype).
  • Amiot 354 : Single-tail production version with two 1,060 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N 48/49 radials; about 45 delivered.
  • Amiot 355 : The 12th production airframe fitted with two 1,200 hp Gnome-Rhône 14R 2/3 radials with two-speed superchargers; destroyed in July 1940.
  • Amiot 356 : Single-tail prototype with two 1,130 hp Rolls-Royce Merlin X engines, first flown on 18 March 1940; later used as the mail aircraft F-BAGP.
  • Amiot 357 : High-altitude bomber with a pressurised cabin and two turbocharged 1,200 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Z engines; almost complete when captured by the Germans at Le Bourget on 14 June 1940.
  • Amiot 358 : Amiot 354 re-engined after the war with two 1,200 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp radials (one converted).
  • Amiot 370 : Two-seat single-tail record and mail aircraft with two 860 hp Hispano-Suiza 12Yirs/Yjrs engines (one built, F-AREU).

Operators

  • France :
    • French Air Force (Armée de l'Air).
    • Vichy French Air Force.
    • Air France (mail aircraft).
  • Germany : Luftwaffe.

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Amiot 354 of Wikipedia ( authors )

Amiot 340, 350 & 370

  • Role : Medium bomber.
  • Manufacturer : Avions Amiot (SECM-Amiot).
  • Designer : Jean Calvy.
  • First flight :
    • Amiot 370 : 25 July 1937.
    • Amiot 340.01 : 6 December 1937.
    • Amiot 351 (production) : 3 November 1939.
  • Introduction : 1940.
  • Status : retired.
  • Primary users :
  • Produced : 1939 to 1940.
  • Number built : ca. 86 (including prototypes).
  • Developed from :
    • Amiot 340.
    • Amiot 370.
  • Comparable aircraft :

    • Specifications (Amiot 354)

  • Crew: 4 (navigator-bombardier, pilot, dorsal gunner, radio operator/ventral gunner).
  • Length: 47 ft 7 in (14.50 m).
  • Wingspan: 74 ft 11 in (22.83 m).
  • Height: 13 ft 5 in (4.08 m).
  • Wing area: 721 sq ft (67 m²).
  • Empty weight: 10,439 lb (4,735 kg).
  • Gross weight: 24,965 lb (11,324 kg).
  • Fuel capacity: about 740 US gal (2,800 l).
  • Powerplant: 2 × Gnome-Rhône 14N 48/49 14-cylinder air-cooled radial engines.
  • Power: 1,060 hp (791 kW) each for take-off.
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Ratier variable-pitch.

    • Performance

  • Maximum speed: 298 mph (480 km/h, 259 kn) at 13,100 ft (4,000 m).
  • Cruise speed: 217 mph (349 km/h, 188 kn).
  • Range: 2,175 mi (3,500 km, 1,890 nmi).
  • Service ceiling: 32,800 ft (10,000 m).
  • Time to altitude: 13,100 ft (4,000 m) in 8 min 42 s.

    • Armament

  • Guns: 1 × 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS-404 cannon (dorsal) and 2 × 7.5 mm MAC 1934 machine guns (nose and ventral), or 3 × 7.5 mm MAC 1934 on early aircraft.
  • Bombs: up to 2,646 lb (1,200 kg).

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Amiot 354 of Wikipedia ( authors )
Amiot 340, 350 & 370 : Your comments on this subject
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