(Aichi) E13A "Jake" @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • Aichi E13A1 "Jake" Aichi E13A1 "Jake"
    Aichi E13A1 "Jake"
  • On a cruiser<br>catapult On a cruiser<br>catapult
    On a cruiser
    catapult
  • Hoisted aboard<br>after landing Hoisted aboard<br>after landing
    Hoisted aboard
    after landing
  • On a ship's deck, with<br>Mitsubishi F1M "Pete" biplanes On a ship's deck, with<br>Mitsubishi F1M "Pete" biplanes
    On a ship's deck, with
    Mitsubishi F1M "Pete" biplanes
  • Maintenance on a<br>South Pacific beach Maintenance on a<br>South Pacific beach
    Maintenance on a
    South Pacific beach
  • Ground crews at<br>a seaplane base Ground crews at<br>a seaplane base
    Ground crews at
    a seaplane base
  • A captured E13A loaded<br>onto a truck by the RAF<br>at Seletar (Singapore, 1945) A captured E13A loaded<br>onto a truck by the RAF<br>at Seletar (Singapore, 1945)
    A captured E13A loaded
    onto a truck by the RAF
    at Seletar (Singapore, 1945)
  • Wreck in Kavieng Harbour<br>(New Ireland,<br>Papua New Guinea) Wreck in Kavieng Harbour<br>(New Ireland,<br>Papua New Guinea)
    Wreck in Kavieng Harbour
    (New Ireland,
    Papua New Guinea)

Aichi E13A "Jake"

The Aichi E13A (Allied reporting name "Jake") was a three-seat, long-range reconnaissance floatplane designed by Aichi Tokei Denki KK for the Imperial Japanese Navy, which designated it "Navy Type 0 Reconnaissance Seaplane" (Rei-shiki suijô teisatsuki, often shortened to "Reisu"). With 1,418 examples built between 1940 and 1945, it was numerically the most important floatplane of the Japanese Navy. Operated from cruisers, battleships, seaplane tenders and coastal bases, it served throughout the Pacific War, from the reconnaissance flights preceding the attack on Pearl Harbor to the kamikaze missions of 1945.

Design and development

In 1937 the Navy issued a 12-Shi specification for a two-seat twin-float reconnaissance seaplane to replace the Kawanishi E7K. Aichi, Kawanishi and Nakajima were invited to tender; Aichi built the E12A and Nakajima the E12N. Later that year, however, the Navy issued a second specification for a larger three-seat floatplane with greater range and speed, which effectively superseded the first one. Kawanishi answered with the single-float E13K, while Aichi's design team, led by Kishiro Matsuo, produced the E13A (company designation AM-19), essentially an enlarged and more powerful development of the E12A.

The E13A was a clean, all-metal low-wing monoplane with fabric-covered control surfaces, whose general lines recalled those of the Aichi D3A carrier dive bomber. Its wings folded for stowage aboard ship, it rested on two large single-step floats, and its three crew members (pilot, observer/navigator and radio-operator/gunner) sat in tandem under a long glazed canopy. Power came from a 1,060 hp Mitsubishi Kinsei 43 fourteen-cylinder radial engine driving a three-bladed metal propeller. Its large internal fuel capacity gave it an endurance of up to 15 hours, but at the cost of protection: the aircraft had neither crew armour nor self-sealing tanks, and its defensive armament was limited to a single flexible 7.7 mm machine gun in the rear cockpit.

The prototype first flew in late 1938, at about the same time as the E12A. In the manufacturer's comparative trials the E13A proved superior, its extra weight being more than offset by its more powerful engine, and Aichi abandoned the two-seater. During 1940, Navy pilots evaluated the E13A against the Kawanishi E13K, which offered some advantages but was more difficult to operate. In December 1940 the Aichi design was declared the winner and ordered into production as the Navy Type 0 Reconnaissance Seaplane Model 1 (later Model 11).

Aichi built 133 examples between 1940 and 1942 and the 11th Naval Air Arsenal at Hiro (Dai-Juichi Kaigun Kokusho) 48 more. As Aichi's production lines were needed for other types, the bulk of production (1,237 aircraft) was transferred to Kyushu Hikoki KK (known as Watanabe Tekkosho until 1943), which built the type from 1942 until the end of the war, bringing the total to 1,418.

Operational history

China

The first E13A1s were delivered in 1941 to cruisers and seaplane tenders operating off the Chinese coast during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Their combat debut consisted of bombing raids against the Canton-Hankow railway and anti-shipping patrols.

Pearl Harbor

Shortly before the attack, the E13A joined the 8th Cruiser Division (Tone and Chikuma), which escorted Admiral Nagumo's carrier striking force. Before dawn on 7 December 1941, each cruiser catapulted one E13A1 to make a final reconnaissance of the Pearl Harbor anchorage and of Lahaina Roads, off Maui. Breaking the radio silence kept since the fleet had sailed, Chikuma's aircraft reported that the American fleet was in port, while Tone's found Lahaina empty.

Midway

At Midway in June 1942, E13As were carried by the cruisers Tone and Chikuma and the battleship Haruna. On the morning of 4 June, the search plane No. 4 from Tone, flown by Petty Officer Yoji Amari, was launched about half an hour late (probably because of a catapult or engine problem). It eventually located the American naval force, but its first reports did not mention aircraft carriers, and the information reached Admiral Nagumo too late, after he had already ordered his aircraft to be re-armed for a second strike on Midway. This confusion is generally considered one of the factors of the Japanese defeat, which cost the Navy four aircraft carriers. Later, a Jake from Chikuma shadowed the USS Yorktown for several hours, guiding the strikes launched from the carrier Hiryu.

Pacific War

As production increased the E13A spread throughout the fleet, and by mid-1943 perhaps 250 of them were at sea aboard warships, with many more at shore bases. It operated over the whole Pacific theatre: Dutch East Indies, Indian Ocean, Coral Sea, Aleutians, Solomon Islands and Guadalcanal, New Guinea and the Marianas. It also served as catapult-launched reconnaissance aircraft aboard the giant battleships Yamato and Musashi. Besides reconnaissance, it carried out coastal and anti-submarine patrols, convoy escort, attacks against shipping, liaison and staff transport, and the rescue of downed aircrew. Where little fighter opposition was expected it was also used as a light bomber, sometimes at night, but it was very vulnerable to American fighters and many were shot down by aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat. Late in the war, a Jake was even credited with an engagement against a Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

From 1944, new versions appeared with radar, improved radio, flame dampers for night operations and, in some aircraft, a downward-firing 20 mm cannon intended against American PT boats. During the last months of the war, a number of E13As were expended in kamikaze attacks against Allied ships.

Foreign operators

One E13A was operated by the German Navy from Penang, in Malaya, alongside two Arado Ar 196s; the three aircraft formed the East Asia Naval Special Service, which supported the Monsun group of U-boats operating in the Indian Ocean as well as local Japanese operations. A few aircraft were also supplied to the Royal Thai Navy, which used them until the late 1940s.

After the Japanese surrender, abandoned aircraft were taken over by several countries. In Indochina, the French Naval Aviation recovered several Jakes (up to eight according to some sources), which were flown by flotilla 8S during the First Indochina War until 1947-1948. One example (manufacturer's number 4326) surrendered to New Zealand forces at Jacquinot Bay, New Britain, was flown briefly by RNZAF personnel but sank at its moorings after a float started leaking. Two aircraft captured in the Dutch East Indies were shipped to the Netherlands in 1946 and shown to the public, and surplus or derelict aircraft were also used by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force.

Variants

  • E13A1 (Model 11) : Prototypes and first production model, armed with one flexible 7.7 mm machine gun; it could carry one 250 kg bomb or four 60 kg bombs or depth charges.
  • E13A1-K : Dual-control trainer version.
  • E13A1a (Model 11A) : Second production model (1944), with redesigned float struts, propeller spinner and improved radio equipment.
  • E13A1a-S : Night-flying conversion of the E13A1a, with exhaust flame dampers.
  • E13A1b (Model 11B) : E13A1a fitted with Type 3 air-to-surface search radar, the antennae being mounted on the wing leading edges and the rear fuselage sides.
  • E13A1b-S : Night-flying conversion of the E13A1b.
  • E13A1c : Anti-shipping version with one or two downward-firing 20 mm Type 99 cannons in the belly, in addition to bombs or depth charges. A few aircraft were also experimentally fitted with a magnetic anomaly detector for anti-submarine warfare.

Operators

  • Japan : Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.
  • Germany : Kriegsmarine (one aircraft, East Asia Naval Special Service, Penang).
  • Thailand : Royal Thai Navy.
  • France : French Naval Aviation (Aéronavale), flotilla 8S in Indochina.
  • New Zealand : Royal New Zealand Air Force (one captured aircraft).
  • Netherlands : two captured aircraft (evaluation and public display).
  • China : People's Liberation Army Air Force (surplus aircraft).

Surviving aircraft

No E13A survives in flying condition. Many wrecks lie underwater throughout the Pacific and are popular with divers, notably at Truk (Chuuk) Lagoon, Palau, Kavieng (New Ireland) and Guam. The remains of another aircraft lie in a collapsed hangar at the former seaplane base of Langar Island, off Pohnpei (Micronesia).

The most complete example is an E13A1 (manufacturer's number 4116), built by Watanabe in November 1942, which ditched off Fukiage and was recovered from the sea on 15 October 1992. It is displayed at the Bansei Tokkô Peace Museum at Minamisatsuma (formerly Kaseda, Kagoshima Prefecture), laid on sand to evoke the sea floor where it rested for nearly fifty years. A second, very incomplete airframe recovered from Tokyo Bay, lacking its engine, tail, floats and one wing, is kept at Kakamigahara (Gifu Prefecture), near the Kakamigahara Aerospace Museum and Gifu air base.

Sources : Wikipedia (Aichi E13A, en/fr), History of War, Pacific Wrecks, US National Park Service (USS Arizona Memorial); René J. Francillon, Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Putnam, 1979.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Aichi E13A of Wikipedia ( authors )

Aichi E13A "Jake"

  • Role : Reconnaissance floatplane.
  • Manufacturer : Aichi Tokei Denki KK, Kyushu Hikoki KK (Watanabe), Hiro Naval Arsenal.
  • Designer : Kishiro Matsuo.
  • First flight : late 1938.
  • Introduction : 1941.
  • Retired : 1948.
  • Status : retired.
  • Primary users :
    • Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service.
    • Royal Thai Navy.
    • French Naval Aviation.
  • Produced : 1940 to 1945.
  • Number built : 1,418.
  • Variants :
    • E13A1 (Model 11).
    • E13A1a (Model 11A).
    • E13A1b (Model 11B).
    • E13A1c.
  • Related development :
    • Aichi E12A.

    Specifications (E13A1)

  • Crew: three (pilot, observer, radio operator/gunner).
  • Length: 37 ft 1 in (11.30 m).
  • Wingspan: 47 ft 7 in (14.50 m).
  • Height: 15 ft 5 in (4.70 m).
  • Wing area: 390 sq ft (36 m²).
  • Empty weight: 5,825 lb (2,642 kg).
  • Gross weight: 8,025 lb (3,640 kg).
  • Max takeoff weight: 8,818 lb (4,000 kg).
  • Powerplant: One Mitsubishi MK8 Kinsei 43 fourteen-cylinder air-cooled radial engine.
  • Power: 1,060 hp (790 kW) for takeoff; 1,080 hp (810 kW) at 6,600 ft (2,000 m).
  • Propeller: 3-bladed metal propeller.
  • Maximum speed: 234 mph (376 km/h, 203 kts) at 7,150 ft (2,180 m).
  • Cruise speed: 138 mph (222 km/h, 120 kts) at 6,600 ft (2,000 m).
  • Range: 1,298 mi (2,089 km, 1,128 nmi).
  • Endurance: up to 15 hours.
  • Service ceiling: 28,640 ft (8,730 m).
  • Time to altitude: 9,800 ft (3,000 m) in 6 min 5 s.
  • Wing loading: 20.7 lb/sq ft (101.1 kg/m²).
  • Armament:
    • 1 × flexible rearward-firing 7.7 mm Type 92 machine gun.
    • 1 or 2 × downward-firing 20 mm Type 99 cannon (E13A1c and late field modifications).
    • Bombs: 1 × 250 kg (551 lb) or 4 × 60 kg (132 lb) bombs or depth charges.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article Aichi E13A of Wikipedia ( authors )
Aichi E13A1 "Jake" : Your comments on this subject
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