(FMA) IA-58 Pucará @·AIRCRAFTUBE

  • FMA IA-58 Pucará FMA IA-58 Pucará
    FMA IA-58 Pucará
  • Pucará "A-551" with ventral tank Pucará "A-551" with ventral tank
    Pucará "A-551" with ventral tank
  • Pucará formation of the Fuerza Aérea Argentina Pucará formation of the Fuerza Aérea Argentina
    Pucará formation of the Fuerza Aérea Argentina
  • "A-19" on display at Farnborough (1978) "A-19" on display at Farnborough (1978)
    "A-19" on display at Farnborough (1978)
  • Pucará armed with bombs and rockets Pucará armed with bombs and rockets
    Pucará armed with bombs and rockets
  • Pucará with rocket pods Pucará with rocket pods
    Pucará with rocket pods
  • Pucará "A-557", Andes in the background Pucará "A-557", Andes in the background
    Pucará "A-557", Andes in the background
  • Pucará "A-593" Pucará "A-593"
    Pucará "A-593"
  • Pucará with the eagle badge on its fin Pucará with the eagle badge on its fin
    Pucará with the eagle badge on its fin
  • Argentine Pucará during exercise CRUZEX III (Brazil, 2006) Argentine Pucará during exercise CRUZEX III (Brazil, 2006)
    Argentine Pucará during exercise CRUZEX III (Brazil, 2006)
  • Pucarás "FAU 220" and "FAU 227" of the Uruguayan Air Force Pucarás "FAU 220" and "FAU 227" of the Uruguayan Air Force
    Pucarás "FAU 220" and "FAU 227" of the Uruguayan Air Force
  • Pucará "FAU 223" of the Uruguayan Air Force Pucará "FAU 223" of the Uruguayan Air Force
    Pucará "FAU 223" of the Uruguayan Air Force
  • Pucará "A-19" at the Farnborough Airshow (1978) Pucará "A-19" at the Farnborough Airshow (1978)
    Pucará "A-19" at the Farnborough Airshow (1978)
  • "A-515" captured in the Falklands, tested by the A&AEE as RAF "ZD485" (1983) "A-515" captured in the Falklands, tested by the A&AEE as RAF "ZD485" (1983)
    "A-515" captured in the Falklands, tested by the A&AEE as RAF "ZD485" (1983)
  • "ZD485" at low level "ZD485" at low level
    "ZD485" at low level
  • "A-515" (ZD485) at the RAF Museum Cosford "A-515" (ZD485) at the RAF Museum Cosford
    "A-515" (ZD485) at the RAF Museum Cosford
  • Turbomeca Astazou engine nacelle of "A-515" Turbomeca Astazou engine nacelle of "A-515"
    Turbomeca Astazou engine nacelle of "A-515"
  • The IA-58H Fénix (2019) The IA-58H Fénix (2019)
    The IA-58H Fénix (2019)

FMA IA-58 Pucará

The FMA IA-58 Pucará (Quechua: "fortress") is an Argentine ground-attack and counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft manufactured by the Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA) in Córdoba. It is a low-wing, all-metal twin-turboprop monoplane with a T-tail and retractable landing gear, able to operate from short, unprepared strips. Around 110 aircraft were built between 1974 and 1993. The type saw combat in Argentina against guerrilla groups, in the 1982 Falklands War, where it scored Argentina's only air-to-air victory, and in the Sri Lankan Civil War. It was also used by Uruguay and Colombia. Retired from the attack role by the Argentine Air Force in 2019, it lives on in the re-engined IA-58H Fénix surveillance version.

Development

In August 1966 the Argentine state aircraft factory, the Dirección Nacional de Fabricación e Investigación Aeronáutica (DINFIA), began development of the AX-2, a counter-insurgency aircraft meeting a requirement of the Argentine Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Argentina, FAA). The project was promoted by engineer Ricardo Olmedo and led by engineer Aníbal Dreidemie, who later designed the IA-63 Pampa. The chosen layout was a low-wing monoplane with two turboprops in wing-mounted nacelles and a T-tail. To validate it, DINFIA first built a full-scale unpowered glider, which flew for the first time on 26 December 1967.

As the glider showed no major handling problems, construction of a powered prototype began in September 1968. Initially designated IA-58 Delfín, it was soon renamed Pucará, after the stone hill forts of the Andes. Powered by two 674 kW (904 hp) Garrett TPE331 I/U-303 turboprops, it made its maiden flight on 20 August 1969 and was officially presented on 10 October 1969. Vibration problems with the American engines and the wish to use an engine already licence-built in Argentina led to the choice of the French Turbomeca Astazou XVIG of 729 kW (978 shp). The second prototype, the first with Astazou engines, flew on 6 September 1970, and the first prototype was later re-engined. A third, production-standard prototype followed in 1973.

The first production IA-58A flew on 8 November 1974. The first two aircraft were handed over to the III Brigada Aérea at Reconquista (Santa Fe province) in 1975, where they equipped the 2° Escuadrón de Exploración y Ataque. A first batch of 60 aircraft was followed by a second production run, and around 110 Pucarás were eventually built, including export aircraft, until production ended in the early 1990s.

Design

The IA-58 is of conventional all-metal construction, mainly duralumin. The unswept cantilever wing has 7 degrees of dihedral on the outer panels and slotted trailing-edge flaps. The slender fuselage houses a tandem cockpit: the two crew members sit under an upward-opening clamshell canopy, on Martin-Baker Mk 6AP6A zero-zero ejection seats, with dual controls. The rear seat is raised, and the downward-sloping nose gives excellent forward and downward visibility for visual weapon aiming. Thanks to its clean aerodynamics, the Pucará is faster than the American OV-10 Bronco, although unlike the Bronco it has no internal cargo bay.

Armour plating protects the crew and engines against ground fire, and the windscreen is bullet-proof. The two Astazou engines drive three-bladed Ratier-Forest propellers which can also be used as air brakes. Designed for operations from short, rough airstrips, the Pucará has a retractable tricycle undercarriage with a single nosewheel and twin mainwheels retracting into the engine nacelles. The tall legs give good clearance for underslung weapons, and the low-pressure tyres suit rough ground. Three JATO rockets can be fitted under the fuselage for extra-short take-offs. Fuel is carried in two fuselage tanks (800 litres) and two self-sealing wing tanks (460 litres). Undercarriage, flaps and brakes are hydraulically operated.

Fixed armament consists of two 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.804 cannons (270 rounds each) in the lower fuselage and four 7.62 mm FN Browning machine guns (900 rounds each) in the fuselage sides. Three hardpoints, one under the fuselage and one under each wing, can carry up to 1,620 kg of stores: bombs, napalm, rocket pods, gun pods, mine dispensers or drop tanks. Weapon aiming was done with a French SFOM 83A3 reflector sight; the aircraft had no radar.

Operational history

Argentina

Pucarás had their operational debut late in 1975, when aircraft detached to Córdoba carried out counter-insurgency strikes against ERP guerrillas in Tucumán province as part of Operativo Independencia. About 60 Pucarás had been delivered by the time of the Falklands War.

Falklands War (1982)

Thanks to their short-field capability, the Pucarás were the only Argentine combat aircraft able to operate from the islands themselves. Some 24 aircraft were deployed from April 1982 onwards to Port Stanley airport and to two small improvised grass airfields at Goose Green and Pebble Island, where they were used for reconnaissance and light attack. They proved very vulnerable on the ground: three were destroyed and one pilot killed at Goose Green by cluster bombs dropped by 800 NAS Sea Harriers on 1 May, and six more were destroyed during the SAS raid on Pebble Island on the night of 14 to 15 May.

On 21 May, during the British landings at San Carlos, one Pucará was shot down by a Stinger missile fired by D Squadron SAS, the first Stinger ever launched in combat. Another fell to the 30 mm cannon of Commander Nigel "Sharkey" Ward's Sea Harrier; Ward counted some twenty hits before the robust aircraft went down, and its pilot, Major Carlos Tomba, ejected safely. On 28 May, during the battle of Goose Green, two Pucarás shot down a Royal Marines Westland Scout helicopter on a casualty evacuation mission with machine-gun fire, the only confirmed Argentine air-to-air victory of the war. One of the two crashed into Blue Mountain on the return flight. The same day, another Pucará was shot down by small-arms fire from 2 PARA after a rocket attack, its pilot, Lieutenant Miguel Cruzado, becoming a prisoner of war. All the Pucarás deployed to the islands were either destroyed or captured.

Captured aircraft

After the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, eleven Pucarás were captured by British forces, four of them in flying condition. Several were shipped to the United Kingdom for evaluation. A-515, the best airframe found at Stanley, was restored to airworthy condition at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at Boscombe Down, using parts from other captured aircraft. Given the RAF serial ZD485, it flew again on 28 April 1983 and logged about 25 hours of trials, including field landings and dissimilar air combat against Phantoms, a Sea Harrier and helicopters, before being flown to the RAF Museum at Cosford on 9 September 1983. It was the only captured Pucará to fly in Britain.

Colombia

In December 1989, Argentina delivered three Pucarás to the Colombian Air Force, which used them against drug traffickers and guerrilla groups during the 1990s.

Sri Lanka

The Sri Lanka Air Force acquired four Pucarás and used them in counter-insurgency operations against the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) from 1993 to 1999. Three were lost: one crashed near Jaffna on 13 October 1993, another was shot down by the LTTE during fierce fighting near Jaffna on 14 July 1995, killing its pilot, and a third crashed on 15 March 1997 after one of its own bombs exploded on release, the pilot ejecting safely.

Uruguay

Uruguay received six ex-Argentine IA-58As from 1981, which served with Escuadrón Aéreo N°1 (Ataque) for 36 years, mainly in border surveillance and the interception of illicit flights. In 2002, Carolina Arévalo became one of the first two female combat pilots in South America when she qualified on the Pucará. The type was officially withdrawn from Uruguayan service on 17 March 2017.

Retirement and the Fénix

In the 1990s the FAA Pucarás received minor upgrades as the IA-58D. Becoming hard to support and hampered by obsolete systems, the Pucará was officially retired by the Argentine Air Force on 4 October 2019 at Reconquista, half a century after its first flight. During the same ceremony the FAA presented the first IA-58H Pucará Fénix, a conversion by FAdeA (successor to FMA) for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) and border patrol missions. The Astazou engines are replaced by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-62 turboprops driving four-bladed Hartzell propellers, and the aircraft receives a new Garmin cockpit, air conditioning and provision for FLIR sensors, synthetic aperture radar, a laser designator and satellite communications. After more than 100 test flights, the re-engining was certified by the Argentine military airworthiness authority (DIGAMC) on 29 December 2023, and the FAA contracted FAdeA for further conversions, with a planned service life of 15 to 20 more years.

Variants

  • Glider : full-scale unpowered aerodynamic test vehicle, first flown on 26 December 1967.
  • AX-2 Delfín / AX-01 : first powered prototype, flown on 20 August 1969 with Garrett TPE331 engines, later re-engined with Astazou.
  • AX-02 : second prototype, first with Turbomeca Astazou XVIG engines (6 September 1970).
  • AX-03 : third, production-standard prototype (1973).
  • AX-04 : prototype used during the Falklands War, together with the Argentine Navy, for anti-shipping trials with Mk 13 torpedoes.
  • IA-58A : main two-seat production version for counter-insurgency, close air support and reconnaissance.
  • IA-58B Pucará Bravo : prototype with a deeper forward fuselage, two 30 mm DEFA 553 cannons in place of the 20 mm Hispanos and improved avionics. First flight on 15 May 1979; shown at the 1979 Paris Air Show; not produced.
  • IA-58C Pucará Charlie : single-seat prototype with the front cockpit faired over, extra armour, head-up display, 30 mm DEFA cannons and two additional hardpoints for Matra Magic air-to-air missiles and Martin Pescador air-to-surface missiles. First flight on 30 December 1985; abandoned for financial reasons.
  • IA-58D Pucará Delta : IA-58A airframes with minor upgrades and modernised avionics (1990s).
  • IA-58H Pucará Fénix : ISR conversion with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-62 engines, four-bladed Hartzell propellers, new avionics and surveillance sensors (prototype presented in 2019, certified in 2023).
  • IA-66 (Pucará II) : single prototype converted from an IA-58A with two 1,000 shp Garrett TPE331-11-601W turboprops (1980); no production.

Operators

  • Argentina : Argentine Air Force (III Brigada Aérea, Reconquista).
  • Colombia : Colombian Air Force (from 1989).
  • Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka Air Force (1993-1999).
  • United Kingdom : Royal Air Force / A&AEE (evaluation of a captured aircraft, 1983).
  • Uruguay : Uruguayan Air Force (1981-2017).

Aircraft on display

  • AX-01 : first prototype, Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica, Morón, Argentina.
  • A-515 (ZD485) : RAF Museum Cosford from 1983, transferred in October 2025 to the South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum, Doncaster.
  • A-522 : North East Land, Sea and Air Museums, Sunderland.
  • A-528 : Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum, Flixton.
  • A-533 (ZD486) : cockpit section, South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum, Doncaster.
  • A-549 (ZD487) : Imperial War Museum Duxford.
  • One ex-Sri Lankan aircraft at the Sri Lanka Air Force Museum, Ratmalana.

Additional sources: RAF Museum (A-515 individual history), Imperial War Museum, FlightGlobal, Key.Aero, Air Data News, Airpressman, Vintage Aviation News.

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This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article FMA IA-58 Pucara of Wikipedia ( authors )

FMA IA-58 Pucará

  • Role : Ground-attack and counter-insurgency (COIN) aircraft.
  • Manufacturer : Fábrica Militar de Aviones (FMA).
  • Designer : Aníbal Dreidemie.
  • First flight : 20 August 1969.
  • Introduction : 1975.
  • Status : retired from the attack role in 2019; in service as IA-58H Fénix.
  • Primary users :
    • Argentine Air Force.
    • Uruguayan Air Force.
    • Sri Lanka Air Force.
    • Colombian Air Force.
  • Produced : 1974 to 1993.
  • Number built : about 110.
  • Variants :
    • IA-58B Pucará Bravo.
    • IA-58C Pucará Charlie.
    • IA-58D Pucará Delta.
  • Developed into :
    • FMA IA-66.
    • IA-58H Pucará Fénix.
  • Comparable aircraft :

    • Specifications (IA-58A)

  • Crew: two (pilot and observer/co-pilot) in tandem.
  • Length: 46 ft 9 in (14.25 m).
  • Wingspan: 47 ft 7 in (14.50 m).
  • Height: 17 ft 7 in (5.36 m).
  • Wing area: 326.1 sq ft (30.30 m²).
  • Empty weight: 8,863 lb (4,020 kg).
  • Max takeoff weight: 14,991 lb (6,800 kg).
  • Fuel capacity: 1,280 l internal (338 US gal); 1,736 l with external tank.
  • Powerplant: 2 × Turbomeca Astazou XVIG turboprops.
  • Power: 978 shp (729 kW) each.
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Ratier-Forest, also usable as air brakes.
  • Maximum speed: 311 mph (500 km/h, 270 kts) at 9,840 ft (3,000 m).
  • Cruise speed: 267 mph (430 km/h, 232 kts).
  • Stall speed: 89 mph (143 km/h, 77 kts).
  • Combat range: 217 mi (350 km, 189 nmi).
  • Ferry range: 2,305 mi (3,710 km, 2,003 nmi).
  • Service ceiling: 32,800 ft (10,000 m).
  • g limits: +6 / -3.
  • Guns: 2 × 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.804 cannons (270 rounds each) and 4 × 7.62 mm FN Browning machine guns (900 rounds each).
  • Hardpoints: 3, with a capacity of 3,571 lb (1,620 kg) of bombs, rockets, gun pods, mine dispensers or drop tanks.
  • Avionics: SFOM 83A3 reflector gunsight, VHF/HF radios.

— — — = = — — —

This text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
Source : Article FMA IA-58 Pucara of Wikipedia ( authors )
FMA IA-58 Pucará : Your comments on this subject
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